ASTM F2391-22

1.1 This test method includes several procedures that can be used for the measurement of overall package and seal barrier performance of a variety of package types and package forms, as well as seal/closure types. The basic elements of this method include:

• 1.1.1 Helium (employed as tracer gas),
• 1.1.2 Helium leak detector (mass spectrometer), and
• 1.1.3 Package/product-specific test fixtures.
• 1.1.4 Most applications of helium leak detection are destructive, in that helium needs to be injected into the package after the package has been sealed. The injection site then needs to be sealed/patched externally, which often destroys its saleability. Alternatively, if helium can be incorporated into the headspace before sealing, the method can be non-destructive because all that needs to be accomplished is to simply detect for helium escaping the sealed package.

1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.

• 1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.
• 1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.

1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:

• 1.3.1 Large leaks—10^-2 Pa·m³/s to 10^-5 Pa·m³/s (10^–1 cc/sec/atm to 10^-4 cc/sec/atm).
• 1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10^-5 Pa·m³/s to 10^-7 Pa·m³/s (10^-4 cc/sec/atm to 10^-6 cc/sec/atm).
• 1.3.3 Fine leaks—10^-7 Pa·m³/s to 10^-9 Pa·m³/s (10^-6 cc/sec/atm to 10^-8 cc/sec/atm).
• 1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10^-9 Pa·m³/s to 10^-11 Pa·m³/s (10^-8 cc/sec/atm to 10^-10 cc/sec/atm).

1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred to in this method are based on conversion of actual conditions (based on partial pressure of helium) to one atmosphere pressure differential and standard temperature conditions.

1.5 The method may have applicability to any package type:

• 1.5.1 Flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid.
• 1.5.2 Permeable or impermeable.
• 1.5.3 Packages comprised of both permeable and impermeable components, for example, formed aluminum blisters and other high barrier aluminum packaging, cartridges, and syringes.

1.6 The sensitivities reported in the supporting data for this method pertain to the detectability of helium emanating from the sample and are not a function of the packaging form.

1.7 The method is not applicable to breathable or porous packaging.

1.8 The results obtained can be qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative depending on the procedure used.

1.9 Test fixture design is not within the scope of this method except to note that different designs will be needed for different applications (which have different package types and package integrity requirements). Furthermore, the fixture selection and design will be based on where the testing is to be conducted within the manufacturing process (in other words, quality control versus research).

1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.1 This test method includes several procedures that can be used for the measurement of overall package and seal barrier performance of a variety of package types and package forms, as well as seal/closure types. The basic elements of this method include:

• 1.1.1 Helium (employed as tracer gas),
• 1.1.2 Helium leak detector (mass spectrometer), and
• 1.1.3 Package/product-specific test fixtures.
• 1.1.4 Most applications of helium leak detection are destructive, in that helium needs to be injected into the package after the package has been sealed. The injection site then needs to be sealed/patched externally, which often destroys its saleability. Alternatively, if helium can be incorporated into the headspace before sealing, the method can be non-destructive because all that needs to be accomplished is to simply detect for helium escaping the sealed package.

1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.

• 1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.
• 1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.

1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:

• 1.3.1 Large leaks—10^-2 Pa·m³/s to 10^-5 Pa·m³/s (10^–1 cc/sec/atm to 10^-4 cc/sec/atm).
• 1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10^-5 Pa·m³/s to 10^-7 Pa·m³/s (10^-4 cc/sec/atm to 10^-6 cc/sec/atm).
• 1.3.3 Fine leaks—10^-7 Pa·m³/s to 10^-9 Pa·m³/s (10^-6 cc/sec/atm to 10^-8 cc/sec/atm).
• 1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10^-9 Pa·m³/s to 10^-11 Pa·m³/s (10^-8 cc/sec/atm to 10^-10 cc/sec/atm).

Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m³/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.

1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred to in this method are based on conversion of actual conditions (based on partial pressure of helium) to one atmosphere pressure differential and standard temperature conditions.

1.5 The method may have applicability to any package type:

• 1.5.1 Flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid.
• 1.5.2 Permeable or impermeable.
• 1.5.3 Packages comprised of both permeable and impermeable components, for example, formed aluminum blisters and other high barrier aluminum packaging, cartridges, and syringes.

1.6 The sensitivities reported in the supporting data for this method pertain to the detectability of helium emanating from the sample and are not a function of the packaging form.

1.7 The method is not applicable to breathable or porous packaging.

1.8 The results obtained can be qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative depending on the procedure used.

1.9 Test fixture design is not within the scope of this method except to note that different designs will be needed for different applications (which have different package types and package integrity requirements). Furthermore, the fixture selection and design will be based on where the testing is to be conducted within the manufacturing process (in other words, quality control versus research).

1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

5.1 The vacuum, bubble test method, as described in Test Method D3078, and various other leak detection methods described elsewhere (Test Method D4991, Guide E432, Test Method E493, Test Method E498, Test Method E499, and Test Method E1603) have been successfully used widely in various industries and applications to determine that a given package is or is not a “leaker.”

The sensitivity of any selected leak test method has to be considered to determine its applicability to a specific situation.

5.2 The procedures presented in this test method allow the user to carry out package and seal integrity testing with sufficient sensitivity to quantify seals in the previously defined moderate to fine seal ranges.

5.3 By employing seal-isolating leak testing fixtures, packages constructed of various materials can be tested in the full range of seal performance requirements.

Design of these fixtures is beyond the scope of this method.

5.4 These seal/package integrity test procedures can be utilized as:

• 5.4.1 A design tool,
• 5.4.2 For tooling qualification,
• 5.4.3 Process setup,
• 5.4.4 Process validation tool,
• 5.4.5 Quality assurance monitoring, or
• 5.4.6 Research and development.